This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.3 from libc.texinfo.

INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU libraries
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Libc: (libc).                 C library.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the GNU C library.

   This is Edition 0.10, last updated 2001-07-06, of `The GNU C Library
Reference Manual', for Version 2.2.x.

   Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and
"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being (a)
(see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below).  A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".

   (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:

   A GNU Manual

   (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:

   You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
funds for GNU development.


File: libc.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Next: Type Index,  Prev: Documentation License,  Up: Top

Concept Index
*************

* Menu:

* /etc/hostname:                         Host Identification.
* /etc/nsswitch.conf:                    NSS Configuration File.
* 4.N BSD Unix:                          Berkeley Unix.
* __va_copy:                             Copying and Concatenation.
* _POSIX_OPTION_ORDER environment variable.: Standard Environment.
* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS:                      How Change Persona.
* abort signal:                          Program Error Signals.
* aborting a program:                    Aborting a Program.
* absolute file name:                    File Name Resolution.
* absolute priority:                     Absolute Priority.
* absolute value functions:              Absolute Value.
* accepting connections:                 Accepting Connections.
* access permission for a file:          Access Permission.
* access, testing for:                   Testing File Access.
* accessing directories:                 Accessing Directories.
* address of socket:                     Socket Addresses.
* address space <1>:                     Program Basics.
* address space:                         Memory Subsystem.
* alarm signal:                          Alarm Signals.
* alarms, setting:                       Setting an Alarm.
* alignment (in obstacks):               Obstacks Data Alignment.
* alignment (with malloc):               Aligned Memory Blocks.
* alloca disadvantages:                  Disadvantages of Alloca.
* alloca function:                       Variable Size Automatic.
* allocating pseudo-terminals:           Allocation.
* allocation (obstacks):                 Allocation in an Obstack.
* allocation debugging:                  Allocation Debugging.
* allocation hooks, for malloc:          Hooks for Malloc.
* allocation of memory with malloc:      Basic Allocation.
* allocation size of string:             Representation of Strings.
* allocation statistics:                 Statistics of Malloc.
* alphabetic character <1>:              Classification of Wide Characters.
* alphabetic character:                  Classification of Characters.
* alphanumeric character <1>:            Classification of Wide Characters.
* alphanumeric character:                Classification of Characters.
* append-access files:                   File Position.
* argc (program argument count):         Program Arguments.
* argp (program argument parser):        Argp.
* argp parser functions:                 Argp Parser Functions.
* ARGP_HELP_FMT environment variable:    Argp User Customization.
* argument parsing with argp:            Argp.
* argument promotion:                    Calling Variadics.
* argument vectors, null-character separated: Argz and Envz Vectors.
* arguments (variadic functions):        Receiving Arguments.
* arguments, how many:                   How Many Arguments.
* arguments, to program:                 Program Arguments.
* argv (program argument vector):        Program Arguments.
* argz vectors (string vectors):         Argz and Envz Vectors.
* arithmetic expansion:                  Expansion Stages.
* array comparison functions:            String/Array Comparison.
* array copy functions:                  Copying and Concatenation.
* array search function:                 Array Search Function.
* array sort function:                   Array Sort Function.
* ASCII character:                       Classification of Characters.
* assertions:                            Consistency Checking.
* attributes of a file:                  Attribute Meanings.
* automatic freeing:                     Variable Size Automatic.
* automatic memory allocation:           Memory Allocation and C.
* automatic storage class:               Memory Allocation and C.
* automatic storage with variable size:  Variable Size Automatic.
* background job:                        Concepts of Job Control.
* background job, launching:             Foreground and Background.
* backtrace:                             Backtraces.
* backtrace_fd:                          Backtraces.
* backtrace_symbols:                     Backtraces.
* base (of floating point number):       Floating Point Concepts.
* baud rate:                             Line Speed.
* Berkeley Unix:                         Berkeley Unix.
* Bessel functions:                      Special Functions.
* bias (of floating point number exponent): Floating Point Concepts.
* big-endian:                            Byte Order.
* binary I/O to a stream:                Block Input/Output.
* binary search function (for arrays):   Array Search Function.
* binary stream:                         Binary Streams.
* binding a socket address:              Socket Addresses.
* blank character <1>:                   Classification of Wide Characters.
* blank character:                       Classification of Characters.
* block I/O to a stream:                 Block Input/Output.
* blocked signals:                       Delivery of Signal.
* blocked signals, checking for:         Checking for Pending Signals.
* blocking signals:                      Blocking Signals.
* blocking signals, in a handler:        Blocking for Handler.
* bootstrapping, and services:           Actions in the NSS configuration.
* break condition, detecting:            Input Modes.
* break condition, generating:           Line Control.
* breaking a string into tokens:         Finding Tokens in a String.
* broken pipe signal:                    Operation Error Signals.
* broken-down time <1>:                  Broken-down Time.
* broken-down time:                      Calendar Time.
* BSD compatibility library:             Process Group Functions.
* BSD compatibility library.:            Feature Test Macros.
* BSD Unix:                              Berkeley Unix.
* buffering of streams:                  Stream Buffering.
* buffering, controlling:                Controlling Buffering.
* bugs, reporting:                       Reporting Bugs.
* bus error:                             Program Error Signals.
* butterfly:                             Misc FP Arithmetic.
* byte order conversion, for socket:     Byte Order.
* byte stream:                           Socket Concepts.
* C++ streams:                           Streams and I18N.
* calendar time:                         Time Basics.
* calendar time and broken-down time:    Broken-down Time.
* calendar, Gregorian:                   Calendar Time.
* calling variadic functions:            Calling Variadics.
* canonical input processing:            Canonical or Not.
* capacity limits, POSIX:                General Limits.
* carrier detect:                        Control Modes.
* case conversion of characters:         Case Conversion.
* catching signals:                      Delivery of Signal.
* categories for locales:                Locale Categories.
* change working directory:              Working Directory.
* changing the locale:                   Setting the Locale.
* changing the size of a block (malloc): Changing Block Size.
* changing the size of a block (obstacks): Growing Objects.
* channels:                              Stream/Descriptor Precautions.
* character case conversion:             Case Conversion.
* character predicates:                  Classification of Characters.
* character testing:                     Classification of Characters.
* checking for pending signals:          Checking for Pending Signals.
* child process <1>:                     Process Creation Concepts.
* child process <2>:                     Processes.
* child process:                         Processor Time.
* child process signal:                  Job Control Signals.
* chunks:                                Obstack Chunks.
* classes, floating-point:               Floating Point Classes.
* classification of characters:          Classification of Characters.
* cleaning up a stream:                  Linked Channels.
* clearing terminal input queue:         Line Control.
* client:                                Connections.
* clock ticks:                           Processor And CPU Time.
* clock, high accuracy:                  High Accuracy Clock.
* close-on-exec (file descriptor flag):  Descriptor Flags.
* closing a file descriptor:             Opening and Closing Files.
* closing a socket:                      Closing a Socket.
* closing a stream:                      Closing Streams.
* collating strings:                     Collation Functions.
* combining locales:                     Choosing Locale.
* command argument syntax:               Argument Syntax.
* command arguments, parsing:            Parsing Program Arguments.
* command line arguments:                Program Arguments.
* command substitution:                  Expansion Stages.
* communication style (of a socket):     Socket Concepts.
* comparing strings and arrays:          String/Array Comparison.
* Comparison Function:                   Comparison Functions.
* compiling:                             Configuring and compiling.
* complex exponentiation functions:      Exponents and Logarithms.
* complex logarithm functions:           Exponents and Logarithms.
* complex numbers:                       Complex Numbers.
* complex trigonometric functions:       Trig Functions.
* concatenating strings:                 Copying and Concatenation.
* configurations, all supported:         Supported Configurations.
* configuring:                           Configuring and compiling.
* conjugate complex numbers:             Operations on Complex.
* connecting a socket:                   Connecting.
* connection:                            Connections.
* consistency checking:                  Consistency Checking.
* consistency checking, of heap:         Heap Consistency Checking.
* constants <1>:                         Mathematical Constants.
* constants:                             Memory Concepts.
* continue signal:                       Job Control Signals.
* control character <1>:                 Classification of Wide Characters.
* control character:                     Classification of Characters.
* control operations on files:           Control Operations.
* controlling process:                   Controlling Terminal.
* controlling terminal:                  Concepts of Job Control.
* controlling terminal, access to:       Access to the Terminal.
* controlling terminal, determining:     Identifying the Terminal.
* controlling terminal, setting:         Open-time Flags.
* conversion specifications (printf):    Formatted Output Basics.
* conversion specifications (scanf):     Formatted Input Basics.
* converting byte order:                 Byte Order.
* converting case of characters:         Case Conversion.
* converting file descriptor to stream:  Descriptors and Streams.
* converting floats to integers:         Rounding Functions.
* converting group ID to group name:     Lookup Group.
* converting group name to group ID:     Lookup Group.
* converting host address to name:       Host Names.
* converting host name to address:       Host Names.
* converting network name to network number: Networks Database.
* converting network number to network name: Networks Database.
* converting port number to service name: Services Database.
* converting service name to port number: Services Database.
* converting string to collation order:  Collation Functions.
* converting strings to numbers:         Parsing of Numbers.
* converting user ID to user name:       Lookup User.
* converting user name to user ID:       Lookup User.
* cookie, for custom stream:             Streams and Cookies.
* copy-on-write page fault:              Locked Memory Details.
* copying strings and arrays:            Copying and Concatenation.
* cpu priority:                          Priority.
* CPU time <1>:                          Processor Time.
* CPU time <2>:                          Processor And CPU Time.
* CPU time:                              Time Basics.
* create on open (file status flag):     Open-time Flags.
* creating a directory:                  Creating Directories.
* creating a FIFO special file:          FIFO Special Files.
* creating a pipe:                       Creating a Pipe.
* creating a pipe to a subprocess:       Pipe to a Subprocess.
* creating a process:                    Process Creation Concepts.
* creating a socket:                     Creating a Socket.
* creating a socket pair:                Socket Pairs.
* creating special files:                Making Special Files.
* cube root function:                    Exponents and Logarithms.
* currency symbols:                      Currency Symbol.
* current limit:                         Limits on Resources.
* current working directory:             Working Directory.
* custom streams:                        Custom Streams.
* customizing printf:                    Customizing Printf.
* data loss on sockets:                  Socket Concepts.
* databases:                             Name Service Switch.
* datagram socket:                       Datagrams.
* datagrams, transmitting:               Sending Datagrams.
* date:                                  Time Basics.
* Daylight Saving Time:                  Broken-down Time.
* decimal digit character:               Classification of Characters.
* decimal-point separator:               General Numeric.
* declaration (compared to definition):  Header Files.
* declaring variadic functions:          Calling Variadics.
* decompose complex numbers:             Operations on Complex.
* default action (for a signal):         Delivery of Signal.
* default action for a signal:           Basic Signal Handling.
* default argument promotions:           Calling Variadics.
* default value, and NSS:                Notes on NSS Configuration File.
* defining new printf conversions:       Customizing Printf.
* definition (compared to declaration):  Header Files.
* delayed suspend character:             Signal Characters.
* deleting a directory:                  Deleting Files.
* deleting a file:                       Deleting Files.
* delivery of signals:                   Delivery of Signal.
* descriptors and streams:               Stream/Descriptor Precautions.
* digit character <1>:                   Classification of Wide Characters.
* digit character:                       Classification of Characters.
* directories, accessing:                Accessing Directories.
* directories, creating:                 Creating Directories.
* directories, deleting:                 Deleting Files.
* directory:                             Directories.
* directory entry:                       Directories.
* directory hierarchy:                   Working with Directory Trees.
* directory stream:                      Accessing Directories.
* disadvantages of alloca:               Disadvantages of Alloca.
* DISCARD character:                     Other Special.
* division by zero:                      FP Exceptions.
* DNS:                                   Host Identification.
* DNS server unavailable:                Actions in the NSS configuration.
* domain (of socket):                    Socket Concepts.
* domain error:                          Math Error Reporting.
* domain name:                           Host Identification.
* Domain Name System:                    Host Identification.
* dot notation, for Internet addresses:  Abstract Host Addresses.
* DSUSP character:                       Signal Characters.
* duplicating file descriptors:          Duplicating Descriptors.
* dynamic memory allocation:             Memory Allocation and C.
* EBCDIC:                                Extended Char Intro.
* echo of terminal input:                Local Modes.
* effective group ID:                    Process Persona.
* effective user ID:                     Process Persona.
* efficiency and malloc:                 Efficiency and Malloc.
* efficiency and obstacks:               Extra Fast Growing.
* efficiency of chunks:                  Obstack Chunks.
* EINTR, and restarting interrupted primitives: Interrupted Primitives.
* elapsed time <1>:                      Elapsed Time.
* elapsed time:                          Time Basics.
* encryption:                            Trivial Encryption.
* end of file, on a stream:              EOF and Errors.
* end-of-file, on a file descriptor:     I/O Primitives.
* environment:                           Environment Variables.
* environment access:                    Environment Access.
* environment representation:            Environment Access.
* environment variable:                  Environment Variables.
* environment vectors, null-character separated: Argz and Envz Vectors.
* envz vectors (environment vectors):    Argz and Envz Vectors.
* EOF character:                         Editing Characters.
* EOL character:                         Editing Characters.
* EOL2 character:                        Editing Characters.
* epoch:                                 Simple Calendar Time.
* ERASE character:                       Editing Characters.
* errno:                                 System Calls.
* error codes:                           Error Reporting.
* error messages, in argp:               Argp Helper Functions.
* error reporting:                       Error Reporting.
* errors, mathematical:                  Math Error Reporting.
* establishing a handler:                Signal Actions.
* ethers:                                NSS Basics.
* EUC:                                   Extended Char Intro.
* EUC-JP:                                glibc iconv Implementation.
* exception <1>:                         Program Error Signals.
* exception:                             FP Exceptions.
* exclusive lock:                        File Locks.
* exec functions:                        Executing a File.
* execing a program:                     Memory Concepts.
* executable:                            Memory Concepts.
* executing a file:                      Executing a File.
* exit status:                           Exit Status.
* exit status value:                     Program Termination.
* exiting a program:                     Memory Concepts.
* expansion of shell words:              Word Expansion.
* exponent (of floating point number):   Floating Point Concepts.
* exponentiation functions:              Exponents and Logarithms.
* extending printf:                      Customizing Printf.
* extracting file descriptor from stream: Descriptors and Streams.
* fcntl function:                        Control Operations.
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License:   Documentation License.
* feature test macros:                   Feature Test Macros.
* field splitting:                       Expansion Stages.
* FIFO special file:                     Pipes and FIFOs.
* file access permission:                Access Permission.
* file access time:                      File Times.
* file attribute modification time:      File Times.
* file attributes:                       Attribute Meanings.
* file creation mask:                    Setting Permissions.
* file descriptor flags:                 Descriptor Flags.
* file descriptor sets, for select:      Waiting for I/O.
* file descriptors, standard:            Descriptors and Streams.
* file locks:                            File Locks.
* file modification time:                File Times.
* file name:                             File Names.
* file name component:                   Directories.
* file name errors:                      File Name Errors.
* file name resolution:                  File Name Resolution.
* file name translation flags:           Open-time Flags.
* file names, multiple:                  Hard Links.
* file owner:                            File Owner.
* file permission bits:                  Permission Bits.
* file pointer:                          Streams.
* file position:                         File Position.
* file positioning on a file descriptor: File Position Primitive.
* file positioning on a stream:          File Positioning.
* file status flags:                     File Status Flags.
* files, accessing:                      Memory Concepts.
* filtering i/o through subprocess:      Pipe to a Subprocess.
* flag character (printf):               Output Conversion Syntax.
* flag character (scanf):                Input Conversion Syntax.
* flags for sigaction:                   Flags for Sigaction.
* flags, file name translation:          Open-time Flags.
* flags, open-time action:               Open-time Flags.
* floating point:                        Floating Point Numbers.
* floating point, IEEE:                  IEEE Floating Point.
* floating type measurements:            Floating Type Macros.
* floating-point classes:                Floating Point Classes.
* floating-point exception:              Program Error Signals.
* flow control, terminal:                Line Control.
* flushing a stream:                     Flushing Buffers.
* flushing terminal output queue:        Line Control.
* foreground job:                        Concepts of Job Control.
* foreground job, launching:             Foreground and Background.
* forking a process:                     Process Creation Concepts.
* format string, for printf:             Formatted Output.
* format string, for scanf:              Formatted Input.
* formatted input from a stream:         Formatted Input.
* formatted messages:                    Formatted Messages.
* formatted output to a stream:          Formatted Output.
* FP arithmetic:                         FP Bit Twiddling.
* FQDN:                                  Host Identification.
* frame, real memory:                    Memory Concepts.
* free documentation:                    Free Manuals.
* freeing (obstacks):                    Freeing Obstack Objects.
* freeing memory:                        Memory Concepts.
* freeing memory allocated with malloc:  Freeing after Malloc.
* fully buffered stream:                 Buffering Concepts.
* function prototypes (variadic):        Variadic Prototypes.
* gamma function:                        Special Functions.
* gcvt_r:                                System V Number Conversion.
* gencat:                                The gencat program.
* generation of signals:                 Signal Generation.
* generic i/o control operations:        IOCTLs.
* globbing:                              Globbing.
* graphic character <1>:                 Classification of Wide Characters.
* graphic character:                     Classification of Characters.
* Gregorian calendar:                    Calendar Time.
* group:                                 NSS Basics.
* group database:                        Group Database.
* group ID:                              User and Group IDs.
* group name:                            User and Group IDs.
* group owner of a file:                 File Owner.
* grouping of digits:                    General Numeric.
* growing objects (in obstacks):         Growing Objects.
* handling multiple signals:             Merged Signals.
* hangup signal:                         Termination Signals.
* hard limit:                            Limits on Resources.
* hard link:                             Hard Links.
* header files:                          Header Files.
* heap consistency checking:             Heap Consistency Checking.
* heap, dynamic allocation from:         Unconstrained Allocation.
* heap, freeing memory from:             Freeing after Malloc.
* hexadecimal digit character <1>:       Classification of Wide Characters.
* hexadecimal digit character:           Classification of Characters.
* hidden bit (of floating point number mantissa): Floating Point Concepts.
* hierarchy, directory:                  Working with Directory Trees.
* high-priority data:                    Out-of-Band Data.
* high-resolution time:                  Calendar Time.
* holes in files:                        File Position Primitive.
* home directory:                        Standard Environment.
* HOME environment variable:             Standard Environment.
* hook functions (of custom streams):    Hook Functions.
* host address, Internet:                Abstract Host Addresses.
* host name:                             Host Identification.
* hostname:                              Host Identification.
* hosts:                                 NSS Basics.
* hosts database:                        Host Names.
* how many arguments:                    How Many Arguments.
* hyperbolic functions:                  Hyperbolic Functions.
* identifying terminals:                 Is It a Terminal.
* IEEE 754:                              Floating Point Numbers.
* IEEE floating point:                   Floating Point Numbers.
* IEEE floating point representation:    IEEE Floating Point.
* IEEE Std 1003.1:                       POSIX.
* IEEE Std 1003.2:                       POSIX.
* ignore action for a signal:            Basic Signal Handling.
* illegal instruction:                   Program Error Signals.
* impossible events:                     Consistency Checking.
* independent channels:                  Independent Channels.
* inexact exception:                     FP Exceptions.
* infinity:                              Infinity and NaN.
* initial signal actions:                Initial Signal Actions.
* inode number:                          Attribute Meanings.
* input available signal:                Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* input conversions, for scanf:          Table of Input Conversions.
* input from multiple files:             Waiting for I/O.
* installation tools:                    Tools for Compilation.
* installing:                            Running make install.
* integer:                               Integers.
* integer division functions:            Integer Division.
* integer type range:                    Range of Type.
* integer type width:                    Width of Type.
* interactive signals, from terminal:    Local Modes.
* interactive stop signal:               Job Control Signals.
* internal representation:               Extended Char Intro.
* internationalization:                  Locales.
* Internet host address:                 Abstract Host Addresses.
* Internet namespace, for sockets:       Internet Namespace.
* interprocess communication, with FIFO: FIFO Special Files.
* interprocess communication, with pipes: Creating a Pipe.
* interprocess communication, with signals: Kill Example.
* interprocess communication, with sockets: Sockets.
* interrupt character:                   Signal Characters.
* interrupt signal:                      Termination Signals.
* interrupt-driven input:                Interrupt Input.
* interrupting primitives:               Interrupted Primitives.
* interval:                              Time Basics.
* interval timer, setting:               Setting an Alarm.
* INTR character:                        Signal Characters.
* invalid exception:                     FP Exceptions.
* inverse complex hyperbolic functions:  Hyperbolic Functions.
* inverse complex trigonometric functions: Inverse Trig Functions.
* inverse hyperbolic functions:          Hyperbolic Functions.
* inverse trigonometric functions:       Inverse Trig Functions.
* invocation of program:                 Program Arguments.
* IOCTLs:                                IOCTLs.
* ISO 10646:                             Extended Char Intro.
* ISO 2022:                              Extended Char Intro.
* ISO 6937:                              Extended Char Intro.
* ISO C:                                 ISO C.
* ISO-2022-JP:                           glibc iconv Implementation.
* ISO/IEC 9945-1:                        POSIX.
* ISO/IEC 9945-2:                        POSIX.
* job:                                   Job Control.
* job control:                           Job Control.
* job control functions:                 Functions for Job Control.
* job control is optional:               Job Control is Optional.
* job control signals:                   Job Control Signals.
* job control, enabling:                 Initializing the Shell.
* Kermit the frog:                       Search/Sort Example.
* kernel call:                           System Calls.
* kernel header files:                   Linux.
* KILL character:                        Editing Characters.
* kill signal:                           Termination Signals.
* killing a process:                     Signaling Another Process.
* Korn Shell:                            Wildcard Matching.
* LANG environment variable <1>:         Standard Environment.
* LANG environment variable:             The catgets Functions.
* launching jobs:                        Launching Jobs.
* LC_ALL environment variable <1>:       Standard Environment.
* LC_ALL environment variable:           The catgets Functions.
* LC_COLLATE environment variable:       Standard Environment.
* LC_CTYPE environment variable:         Standard Environment.
* LC_MESSAGES environment variable <1>:  Standard Environment.
* LC_MESSAGES environment variable:      The catgets Functions.
* LC_MONETARY environment variable:      Standard Environment.
* LC_NUMERIC environment variable:       Standard Environment.
* LC_TIME environment variable:          Standard Environment.
* leap second:                           Broken-down Time.
* length of string:                      Representation of Strings.
* level, for socket options:             Socket Options.
* LGPL, Lesser General Public License:   Copying.
* library:                               Introduction.
* limit:                                 Limits on Resources.
* limits on resource usage:              Limits on Resources.
* limits, file name length:              Limits for Files.
* limits, floating types:                Floating Type Macros.
* limits, integer types:                 Range of Type.
* limits, link count of files:           Limits for Files.
* limits, number of open files:          General Limits.
* limits, number of processes:           General Limits.
* limits, number of supplementary group IDs: General Limits.
* limits, pipe buffer size:              Limits for Files.
* limits, POSIX:                         General Limits.
* limits, program argument size:         General Limits.
* limits, terminal input queue:          Limits for Files.
* limits, time zone name length:         General Limits.
* line buffered stream:                  Buffering Concepts.
* line speed:                            Line Speed.
* lines (in a text file):                Binary Streams.
* link:                                  Directories.
* link, hard:                            Hard Links.
* link, soft:                            Symbolic Links.
* link, symbolic:                        Symbolic Links.
* linked channels:                       Linked Channels.
* listening (sockets):                   Listening.
* literals:                              Memory Concepts.
* little-endian:                         Byte Order.
* LNEXT character:                       Other Special.
* load average:                          Processor Resources.
* local namespace, for sockets:          Local Namespace.
* local network address number:          Abstract Host Addresses.
* local time:                            Calendar Time.
* locale categories:                     Locale Categories.
* locale, changing:                      Setting the Locale.
* locales:                               Locales.
* locking pages:                         Locking Pages.
* logarithm functions:                   Exponents and Logarithms.
* login name:                            User and Group IDs.
* login name, determining:               Who Logged In.
* LOGNAME environment variable:          Standard Environment.
* long jumps:                            Non-Local Exits.
* long-named options:                    Argument Syntax.
* longjmp:                               Advantages of Alloca.
* loss of data on sockets:               Socket Concepts.
* lost resource signal:                  Operation Error Signals.
* lower-case character <1>:              Classification of Wide Characters.
* lower-case character:                  Classification of Characters.
* macros:                                Obstack Functions.
* main function:                         Program Arguments.
* malloc debugger:                       Allocation Debugging.
* malloc function:                       Unconstrained Allocation.
* mantissa (of floating point number):   Floating Point Concepts.
* matching failure, in scanf:            Formatted Input Basics.
* math errors:                           Errors in Math Functions.
* mathematical constants:                Mathematical Constants.
* maximum:                               Misc FP Arithmetic.
* maximum field width (scanf):           Input Conversion Syntax.
* maximum limit:                         Limits on Resources.
* maximum possible integer:              Integers.
* measurements of floating types:        Floating Type Macros.
* memory allocation:                     Memory.
* memory lock:                           Locking Pages.
* memory mapped file:                    Memory Concepts.
* memory mapped I/O:                     Memory Concepts.
* memory page:                           Memory Subsystem.
* merging of signals:                    Merged Signals.
* MIN termios slot:                      Noncanonical Input.
* minimum:                               Misc FP Arithmetic.
* minimum field width (printf):          Output Conversion Syntax.
* minimum possible integer:              Integers.
* mixing descriptors and streams:        Stream/Descriptor Precautions.
* modem disconnect:                      Control Modes.
* modem status lines:                    Control Modes.
* monetary value formatting:             The Lame Way to Locale Data.
* multi-threaded application:            Streams and Threads.
* multibyte character:                   Extended Char Intro.
* multibyte character string:            Representation of Strings.
* multibyte string:                      Representation of Strings.
* multiple names for one file:           Hard Links.
* multiplexing input:                    Waiting for I/O.
* multiply-add:                          Misc FP Arithmetic.
* name of running program:               Error Messages.
* name of socket:                        Socket Addresses.
* Name Service Switch:                   Name Service Switch.
* name space:                            Reserved Names.
* names of signals:                      Standard Signals.
* namespace (of socket):                 Socket Concepts.
* NaN <1>:                               FP Bit Twiddling.
* NaN:                                   Infinity and NaN.
* Netgroup:                              Netgroup Data.
* netgroup:                              NSS Basics.
* network byte order:                    Byte Order.
* network number:                        Abstract Host Addresses.
* network protocol:                      Socket Concepts.
* networks:                              NSS Basics.
* networks database:                     Networks Database.
* NIS:                                   Host Identification.
* NIS domain name:                       Host Identification.
* nisplus, and booting:                  Actions in the NSS configuration.
* nisplus, and completeness:             Actions in the NSS configuration.
* NLSPATH environment variable <1>:      Standard Environment.
* NLSPATH environment variable:          The catgets Functions.
* non-blocking open:                     Open-time Flags.
* non-local exit, from signal handler:   Longjmp in Handler.
* non-local exits:                       Non-Local Exits.
* noncanonical input processing:         Canonical or Not.
* normalization functions (floating-point): Normalization Functions.
* normalized floating point number:      Floating Point Concepts.
* not a number:                          Infinity and NaN.
* NSS:                                   Name Service Switch.
* nsswitch.conf:                         NSS Configuration File.
* null character:                        Representation of Strings.
* null pointer constant:                 Null Pointer Constant.
* null wide character:                   Representation of Strings.
* number of arguments passed:            How Many Arguments.
* number syntax, parsing:                Parsing of Numbers.
* numeric value formatting:              The Lame Way to Locale Data.
* obstack status:                        Status of an Obstack.
* obstacks:                              Obstacks.
* open-time action flags:                Open-time Flags.
* opening a file:                        I/O Concepts.
* opening a file descriptor:             Opening and Closing Files.
* opening a pipe:                        Creating a Pipe.
* opening a pseudo-terminal pair:        Pseudo-Terminal Pairs.
* opening a socket:                      Creating a Socket.
* opening a socket pair:                 Socket Pairs.
* opening a stream:                      Opening Streams.
* Optimization:                          FP Function Optimizations.
* optimizing NSS:                        Notes on NSS Configuration File.
* option parsing with argp:              Argp.
* optional arguments:                    Variadic Functions.
* optional POSIX features:               System Options.
* orientation, stream <1>:               Streams and I18N.
* orientation, stream:                   Opening Streams.
* orphaned process group:                Orphaned Process Groups.
* out-of-band data:                      Out-of-Band Data.
* output conversions, for printf:        Table of Output Conversions.
* output possible signal:                Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* overflow exception:                    FP Exceptions.
* owner of a file:                       File Owner.
* packet:                                Socket Concepts.
* page boundary:                         Aligned Memory Blocks.
* page fault:                            Memory Concepts.
* page fault, copy-on-write:             Locked Memory Details.
* page frame:                            Memory Concepts.
* page, memory:                          Memory Subsystem.
* page, virtual memory:                  Memory Concepts.
* paging <1>:                            Locking Pages.
* paging:                                Memory Concepts.
* parameter promotion:                   String/Array Conventions.
* parent directory:                      File Name Resolution.
* parent process <1>:                    Process Creation Concepts.
* parent process:                        Processes.
* parity checking:                       Input Modes.
* parsing a template string:             Parsing a Template String.
* parsing numbers (in formatted input):  Parsing of Numbers.
* parsing program arguments:             Parsing Program Arguments.
* parsing tokens from a string:          Finding Tokens in a String.
* passwd:                                NSS Basics.
* password database:                     User Database.
* PATH environment variable:             Standard Environment.
* pause function:                        Waiting for a Signal.
* peeking at input:                      Unreading.
* pending signals:                       Delivery of Signal.
* pending signals, checking for:         Checking for Pending Signals.
* period of time:                        Time Basics.
* permission to access a file:           Access Permission.
* persona:                               Process Persona.
* physical address:                      Memory Subsystem.
* physical memory:                       Memory Subsystem.
* pi (trigonometric constant):           Trig Functions.
* pipe:                                  Pipes and FIFOs.
* pipe signal:                           Operation Error Signals.
* pipe to a subprocess:                  Pipe to a Subprocess.
* port number:                           Ports.
* positioning a file descriptor:         File Position Primitive.
* positioning a stream:                  File Positioning.
* positive difference:                   Misc FP Arithmetic.
* POSIX:                                 POSIX.
* POSIX capacity limits:                 General Limits.
* POSIX optional features:               System Options.
* POSIX.1:                               POSIX.
* POSIX.2:                               POSIX.
* power functions:                       Exponents and Logarithms.
* precision (of floating point number):  Floating Point Concepts.
* precision (printf):                    Output Conversion Syntax.
* predicates on arrays:                  String/Array Comparison.
* predicates on characters:              Classification of Characters.
* predicates on strings:                 String/Array Comparison.
* preemptive scheduling:                 Absolute Priority.
* primitives, interrupting:              Interrupted Primitives.
* printing character <1>:                Classification of Wide Characters.
* printing character:                    Classification of Characters.
* priority of a process:                 Priority.
* priority, absolute:                    Absolute Priority.
* process <1>:                           Processes.
* process:                               Program Basics.
* process completion:                    Process Completion.
* process group functions:               Functions for Job Control.
* process group ID:                      Launching Jobs.
* process group leader:                  Launching Jobs.
* process groups:                        Job Control.
* process ID:                            Process Creation Concepts.
* process image:                         Process Creation Concepts.
* process lifetime:                      Process Creation Concepts.
* process priority:                      Priority.
* process signal mask:                   Process Signal Mask.
* process termination:                   Program Termination.
* processor time <1>:                    Processor Time.
* processor time:                        Time Basics.
* profiling alarm signal:                Alarm Signals.
* profiling timer:                       Setting an Alarm.
* program:                               Program Basics.
* program argument syntax:               Argument Syntax.
* program arguments:                     Program Arguments.
* program arguments, parsing:            Parsing Program Arguments.
* program error signals:                 Program Error Signals.
* program name:                          Error Messages.
* program startup:                       Program Arguments.
* program termination:                   Program Termination.
* program termination signals:           Termination Signals.
* programming your own streams:          Custom Streams.
* project complex numbers:               Operations on Complex.
* protocol (of socket):                  Socket Concepts.
* protocol family:                       Socket Concepts.
* protocols:                             NSS Basics.
* protocols database:                    Protocols Database.
* prototypes for variadic functions:     Variadic Prototypes.
* pseudo-random numbers:                 Pseudo-Random Numbers.
* pseudo-terminals:                      Pseudo-Terminals.
* punctuation character <1>:             Classification of Wide Characters.
* punctuation character:                 Classification of Characters.
* pushing input back:                    Unreading.
* quick sort function (for arrays):      Array Sort Function.
* QUIT character:                        Signal Characters.
* quit signal:                           Termination Signals.
* quote removal:                         Expansion Stages.
* race conditions, relating to job control: Launching Jobs.
* race conditions, relating to signals:  Signals in Handler.
* radix (of floating point number):      Floating Point Concepts.
* raising signals:                       Generating Signals.
* random numbers:                        Pseudo-Random Numbers.
* random-access files:                   File Position.
* range error:                           Math Error Reporting.
* range of integer type:                 Range of Type.
* read lock:                             File Locks.
* reading from a directory:              Accessing Directories.
* reading from a file descriptor:        I/O Primitives.
* reading from a socket:                 Transferring Data.
* reading from a stream, by blocks:      Block Input/Output.
* reading from a stream, by characters:  Character Input.
* reading from a stream, formatted:      Formatted Input.
* ready to run:                          Absolute Priority.
* real group ID:                         Process Persona.
* real user ID:                          Process Persona.
* real-time timer:                       Setting an Alarm.
* realtime CPU scheduling:               Absolute Priority.
* realtime processing:                   Why Lock Pages.
* realtime scheduling:                   Realtime Scheduling.
* receiving datagrams:                   Receiving Datagrams.
* record locking:                        File Locks.
* redirecting input and output:          Duplicating Descriptors.
* reentrant functions:                   Nonreentrancy.
* reentrant NSS functions:               NSS Module Names.
* relative file name:                    File Name Resolution.
* removal of quotes:                     Expansion Stages.
* removing a file:                       Deleting Files.
* removing macros that shadow functions: Macro Definitions.
* renaming a file:                       Renaming Files.
* reporting bugs:                        Reporting Bugs.
* reporting errors:                      Error Reporting.
* REPRINT character:                     Editing Characters.
* reserved names:                        Reserved Names.
* resource limits:                       Limits on Resources.
* restarting interrupted primitives:     Interrupted Primitives.
* restrictions on signal handler functions: Nonreentrancy.
* root directory:                        File Name Resolution.
* Rot13:                                 Trivial Encryption.
* rpc:                                   NSS Basics.
* runnable process:                      Absolute Priority.
* running a command:                     Running a Command.
* saved set-group-ID:                    How Change Persona.
* saved set-user-ID:                     How Change Persona.
* scanning the group list:               Scanning All Groups.
* scanning the user list:                Scanning All Users.
* scatter-gather:                        Scatter-Gather.
* scheduling, traditional:               Traditional Scheduling.
* search function (for arrays):          Array Search Function.
* search functions (for strings):        Search Functions.
* seed (for random numbers):             Pseudo-Random Numbers.
* seeking on a file descriptor:          File Position Primitive.
* seeking on a stream:                   File Positioning.
* segmentation violation:                Program Error Signals.
* sending a datagram:                    Sending Datagrams.
* sending signals:                       Generating Signals.
* sequential-access files:               File Position.
* server:                                Connections.
* services:                              NSS Basics.
* services database:                     Services Database.
* session <1>:                           Concepts of Job Control.
* session:                               Job Control.
* session leader:                        Concepts of Job Control.
* setting an alarm:                      Setting an Alarm.
* setuid programs:                       How Change Persona.
* setuid programs and file access:       Testing File Access.
* severity class <1>:                    Adding Severity Classes.
* severity class:                        Printing Formatted Messages.
* sgettext:                              GUI program problems.
* shadow:                                NSS Basics.
* shadowing functions with macros:       Macro Definitions.
* shared lock:                           File Locks.
* shared memory:                         Memory Subsystem.
* shell:                                 Concepts of Job Control.
* shift state:                           Keeping the state.
* Shift_JIS:                             Extended Char Intro.
* shrinking objects:                     Growing Objects.
* shutting down a socket:                Closing a Socket.
* sigaction flags:                       Flags for Sigaction.
* sigaction function:                    Advanced Signal Handling.
* SIGCHLD, handling of:                  Stopped and Terminated Jobs.
* sign (of floating point number):       Floating Point Concepts.
* signal <1>:                            Signal Handling.
* signal:                                FP Exceptions.
* signal action:                         Delivery of Signal.
* signal actions:                        Signal Actions.
* signal flags:                          Flags for Sigaction.
* signal function:                       Basic Signal Handling.
* signal handler function:               Defining Handlers.
* signal mask:                           Process Signal Mask.
* signal messages:                       Signal Messages.
* signal names:                          Standard Signals.
* signal number:                         Standard Signals.
* signal set:                            Signal Sets.
* signals, generating:                   Generating Signals.
* signedness:                            Integers.
* significand (of floating point number): Floating Point Concepts.
* SIGTTIN, from background job:          Access to the Terminal.
* SIGTTOU, from background job:          Access to the Terminal.
* simple time:                           Calendar Time.
* single-byte string:                    Representation of Strings.
* size of string:                        Representation of Strings.
* SJIS:                                  Extended Char Intro.
* socket:                                Sockets.
* socket address (name) binding:         Socket Addresses.
* socket domain:                         Socket Concepts.
* socket namespace:                      Socket Concepts.
* socket option level:                   Socket Options.
* socket options:                        Socket Options.
* socket pair:                           Socket Pairs.
* socket protocol:                       Socket Concepts.
* socket shutdown:                       Closing a Socket.
* socket, client actions:                Connecting.
* socket, closing:                       Closing a Socket.
* socket, connecting:                    Connecting.
* socket, creating:                      Creating a Socket.
* socket, initiating a connection:       Connecting.
* sockets, accepting connections:        Accepting Connections.
* sockets, listening:                    Listening.
* sockets, server actions:               Listening.
* soft limit:                            Limits on Resources.
* soft link:                             Symbolic Links.
* sort function (for arrays):            Array Sort Function.
* sparse files:                          File Position Primitive.
* special files:                         Making Special Files.
* special functions:                     Special Functions.
* specified action (for a signal):       Delivery of Signal.
* speed of execution:                    Why Lock Pages.
* square root function:                  Exponents and Logarithms.
* stable sorting:                        Array Sort Function.
* standard dot notation, for Internet addresses: Abstract Host Addresses.
* standard environment variables:        Standard Environment.
* standard error file descriptor:        Descriptors and Streams.
* standard error stream:                 Standard Streams.
* standard file descriptors:             Descriptors and Streams.
* standard input file descriptor:        Descriptors and Streams.
* standard input stream:                 Standard Streams.
* standard output file descriptor:       Descriptors and Streams.
* standard output stream:                Standard Streams.
* standard streams:                      Standard Streams.
* standards:                             Standards and Portability.
* START character:                       Start/Stop Characters.
* startup of program:                    Program Arguments.
* stateful <1>:                          glibc iconv Implementation.
* stateful <2>:                          iconv Examples.
* stateful <3>:                          Generic Conversion Interface.
* stateful <4>:                          Converting Strings.
* stateful <5>:                          Converting a Character.
* stateful:                              Keeping the state.
* static memory allocation:              Memory Allocation and C.
* static storage class:                  Memory Allocation and C.
* STATUS character:                      Other Special.
* status codes:                          Error Reporting.
* status of a file:                      Attribute Meanings.
* status of obstack:                     Status of an Obstack.
* sticky bit:                            Permission Bits.
* STOP character:                        Start/Stop Characters.
* stop signal:                           Job Control Signals.
* stopped job:                           Concepts of Job Control.
* stopped jobs, continuing:              Continuing Stopped Jobs.
* stopped jobs, detecting:               Stopped and Terminated Jobs.
* storage allocation:                    Memory.
* stream (sockets):                      Socket Concepts.
* stream orientation <1>:                Streams and I18N.
* stream orientation:                    Opening Streams.
* stream, for I/O to a string:           String Streams.
* streams and descriptors:               Stream/Descriptor Precautions.
* streams, and file descriptors:         Descriptors and Streams.
* streams, C++:                          Streams and I18N.
* streams, standard:                     Standard Streams.
* string:                                Representation of Strings.
* string allocation:                     Representation of Strings.
* string collation functions:            Collation Functions.
* string comparison functions:           String/Array Comparison.
* string concatenation functions:        Copying and Concatenation.
* string copy functions:                 Copying and Concatenation.
* string length:                         Representation of Strings.
* string literal:                        Representation of Strings.
* string search functions:               Search Functions.
* string stream:                         String Streams.
* string vectors, null-character separated: Argz and Envz Vectors.
* string, representation of:             Representation of Strings.
* style of communication (of a socket):  Socket Concepts.
* subshell:                              Initializing the Shell.
* substitution of variables and commands: Expansion Stages.
* successive signals:                    Merged Signals.
* summer time:                           Broken-down Time.
* SunOS:                                 Berkeley Unix.
* supplementary group IDs:               Process Persona.
* SUSP character:                        Signal Characters.
* suspend character:                     Signal Characters.
* SVID:                                  SVID.
* swap space:                            Memory Concepts.
* symbolic link:                         Symbolic Links.
* symbolic link, opening:                Open-time Flags.
* synchronizing <1>:                     Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* synchronizing:                         Synchronizing I/O.
* syntax error messages, in argp:        Argp Helper Functions.
* syntax, for program arguments:         Argument Syntax.
* syntax, for reading numbers:           Parsing of Numbers.
* sysconf <1>:                           Processor Resources.
* sysconf:                               Query Memory Parameters.
* system call:                           System Calls.
* system call number:                    System Calls.
* System V Unix:                         SVID.
* TCP (Internet protocol):               Protocols Database.
* template, for printf:                  Formatted Output.
* template, for scanf:                   Formatted Input.
* TERM environment variable:             Standard Environment.
* terminal flow control:                 Line Control.
* terminal identification:               Is It a Terminal.
* terminal input queue:                  I/O Queues.
* terminal input queue, clearing:        Line Control.
* terminal input signal:                 Job Control Signals.
* terminal line control functions:       Line Control.
* terminal line speed:                   Line Speed.
* terminal mode data types:              Mode Data Types.
* terminal mode functions:               Mode Functions.
* terminal modes, BSD:                   BSD Terminal Modes.
* terminal output queue:                 I/O Queues.
* terminal output queue, flushing:       Line Control.
* terminal output signal:                Job Control Signals.
* terminated jobs, detecting:            Stopped and Terminated Jobs.
* termination signal:                    Termination Signals.
* testing access permission:             Testing File Access.
* testing exit status of child process:  Process Completion.
* text stream:                           Binary Streams.
* thrashing:                             Memory Subsystem.
* thread of control:                     Program Basics.
* threads:                               Streams and Threads.
* ticks, clock:                          Processor And CPU Time.
* tilde expansion:                       Expansion Stages.
* time:                                  Time Basics.
* TIME termios slot:                     Noncanonical Input.
* time zone:                             TZ Variable.
* time zone database:                    TZ Variable.
* time, elapsed:                         Time Basics.
* time, high precision:                  High Accuracy Clock.
* timer, profiling:                      Setting an Alarm.
* timer, real-time:                      Setting an Alarm.
* timer, virtual:                        Setting an Alarm.
* timers, setting:                       Setting an Alarm.
* timespec:                              Elapsed Time.
* timeval:                               Elapsed Time.
* timing error in signal handling:       Remembering a Signal.
* TMPDIR environment variable:           Temporary Files.
* tokenizing strings:                    Finding Tokens in a String.
* tools, for installing library:         Tools for Compilation.
* transmitting datagrams:                Sending Datagrams.
* tree, directory:                       Working with Directory Trees.
* triangulation:                         glibc iconv Implementation.
* trigonometric functions:               Trig Functions.
* type measurements, floating:           Floating Type Macros.
* type measurements, integer:            Width of Type.
* type modifier character (printf):      Output Conversion Syntax.
* type modifier character (scanf):       Input Conversion Syntax.
* typeahead buffer:                      I/O Queues.
* TZ environment variable:               Standard Environment.
* UCS-2:                                 Extended Char Intro.
* UCS-4:                                 Extended Char Intro.
* ulps:                                  Errors in Math Functions.
* umask:                                 Setting Permissions.
* unbuffered stream:                     Buffering Concepts.
* unconstrained memory allocation:       Unconstrained Allocation.
* undefining macros that shadow functions: Macro Definitions.
* underflow exception:                   FP Exceptions.
* Unicode:                               Extended Char Intro.
* Unix, Berkeley:                        Berkeley Unix.
* Unix, System V:                        SVID.
* unlinking a file:                      Deleting Files.
* unordered comparison:                  FP Comparison Functions.
* unreading characters:                  Unreading.
* upgrading from libc5:                  Linux.
* upper-case character <1>:              Classification of Wide Characters.
* upper-case character:                  Classification of Characters.
* urgent data signal:                    Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* urgent socket condition:               Out-of-Band Data.
* usage limits:                          Limits on Resources.
* usage messages, in argp:               Argp Helper Functions.
* user accounting database:              User Accounting Database.
* user database:                         User Database.
* user ID:                               User and Group IDs.
* user ID, determining:                  Who Logged In.
* user name:                             User and Group IDs.
* user signals:                          Miscellaneous Signals.
* usual file name errors:                File Name Errors.
* UTF-16:                                Extended Char Intro.
* UTF-7:                                 Extended Char Intro.
* UTF-8:                                 Extended Char Intro.
* va_copy:                               Copying and Concatenation.
* variable number of arguments:          Variadic Functions.
* variable substitution:                 Expansion Stages.
* variable-sized arrays:                 GNU C Variable-Size Arrays.
* variadic function argument access:     Receiving Arguments.
* variadic function prototypes:          Variadic Prototypes.
* variadic functions:                    Variadic Functions.
* variadic functions, calling:           Calling Variadics.
* virtual time alarm signal:             Alarm Signals.
* virtual timer:                         Setting an Alarm.
* volatile declarations:                 Nonreentrancy.
* waiting for a signal:                  Waiting for a Signal.
* waiting for completion of child process: Process Completion.
* waiting for input or output:           Waiting for I/O.
* WERASE character:                      Editing Characters.
* whitespace character <1>:              Classification of Wide Characters.
* whitespace character:                  Classification of Characters.
* wide character:                        Extended Char Intro.
* wide character string:                 Representation of Strings.
* width of integer type:                 Width of Type.
* wildcard expansion:                    Expansion Stages.
* wint_t:                                String/Array Conventions.
* word expansion:                        Word Expansion.
* working directory:                     Working Directory.
* write lock:                            File Locks.
* writing to a file descriptor:          I/O Primitives.
* writing to a socket:                   Transferring Data.
* writing to a stream, by blocks:        Block Input/Output.
* writing to a stream, by characters:    Simple Output.
* writing to a stream, formatted:        Formatted Output.
* YP:                                    Host Identification.
* YP domain name:                        Host Identification.
* zero divide:                           FP Exceptions.

